The cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera) in Brazil and the corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) in the United States are also contemporary illustrations of this trend. The rising frequency of resistant insects and the greater ease with which such insects migrate in a global economy have led to super-bugs that are causing multi-billion dollar losses. For example, small-plot insecticide evaluations and scattered control failures in commercial sweet corn fields suggest that corn earworm populations in the Midwestern United States and southeastern Canada are gaining widespread resistance to pythrethroid-based insecticides. In addition, the widespread use of insecticides has resulted in the evolution of resistant insects. However, these insecticides are harmful to both humans and the environment. ![]() Broad-spectrum insecticides, such as pyrethroid, organophosphate, and carbamate insecticide sprays, are currently used to combat such losses. Insects are estimated to cause global crop losses of approximately $250Bn-equivalent to 15% of global crop yield. The contents of the text file submitted electronically herewith are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: A computer readable format copy of the Sequence Listing (filename: PRVI_010_01US_SeqList_ST25.txt, date created: Nov. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXT FILE SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY 13, 2015, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. ![]() The present application claims the benefit of priority to U.S.
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